Summary: Introduction: chronic Non-Bacterial Osteomyelitis (CNO) is an autoinflammatory bone disease that presents a broad clinical spectrum with monofocal or multifocal involvement. Since it is not always multifocal and/or recurrent, it was proposed that CNO be used as a term that encompasses all presentations and Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis (CRMO) for recurrent and multifocal forms. Objective: to present an unprecedented low prevalence clinical case of an adolescent carrier of an autoinflammatory bone disease that posed diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Description: a previously healthy female adolescent, 11 years old presented disabling lower back pain for a month without other associated symptoms. After several emergency consultations, she was admitted to the pediatric hospitalization at the Armed Forces Hospital (HCFFAA) in October 2021. A spine MRI showed a T11 body bone edema focus, normal blood count; ESR 48 mm/h, ANA, Anti DNA, RF and negative HLA B27. Results: after ruling out infectious and oncohematological processes, and once the result of a bone puncture biopsy was obtained, which showed inflammatory elements, an ONC diagnosis was made in February 2022, a record time comparing this case with the international literature. The average diagnosis of this clinical condition worldwide is 12 months.

Resumen: Introducción: la osteomielitis crónica no bacteriana (CNO) es una enfermedad autoinflamatoria ósea y se manifiesta con un amplio espectro clínico, presentándose con afectación monofocal o multifocal. Dado que no es siempre multifocal o recurrente, o ambas, fue propuesto que CNO se utilice como un término que comprenda a todas las presentaciones y la osteomielitis multifocal crónica recurrente (CRMO) se utilice para formas recurrentes y multifocales. Objetivo: presentar un caso clínico inédito, de baja prevalencia a nivel mundial, en una adolescente portadora de una enfermedad autoinflamatoria ósea que planteó desafíos diagnósticos y terapéuticos. Descripción: adolescente, mujer, 11 años, previamente sana que se presentó con dorso-lumbalgia invalidante de un mes de evolución, sin otra sintomatología asociada. Tras varias consultas en emergencia, ingresa a planta de internación pediátrica del Hospital Central de las Fuerzas Armadas (HCFFAA) en octubre de 2021. Resonancia nuclear magnética (RNM) de columna evidencia foco de edema óseo en cuerpo de T11, hemograma normal; VES 48 mm/h, ANA, anti-DNA, FR y HLA B27 negativos. Resultados: luego de descartar procesos infecciosos, oncohematológicos y una vez obtenido el resultado de una biopsia por punción ósea que evidenciaba elementos inflamatorios, se llegó al diagnóstico de CNO en el mes de febrero de 2022, tiempo récord comparando este caso con la literatura internacional. El diagnóstico de esta entidad clínica promedio a nivel mundial es de 12 meses.

Resumo: Introdução: a Osteomielite Crônica Não Bacteriana (CNO) é uma doença óssea autoinflamatória, manifestando-se com amplo espectro clínico, apresentando-se com acometimento monofocal ou multifocal. Como nem sempre é multifocal e/ou recorrente, foi proposto que CNO seja usado como um termo que engloba todas as apresentações e Osteomielite Multifocal Recorrente Crônica (OMC) e que seja usado para formas recorrentes e multifocais. Objetivo: apresentar um caso clínico inédito, de baixa prevalência mundial, no caso de uma adolescente portadora de uma doença óssea autoinflamatória que representou desafios diagnósticos e terapêuticos. Descrição: adolescente do sexo feminino, 11 anos, previamente saudável, apresentava há um mês dorso-lombalgia incapacitante sem outros sintomas associados. Após várias consultas de urgência, foi internada na enfermaria pediátrica do Hospital Central das Forças Armadas (HCFFAA) em outubro de 2021. RM da coluna mostra foco de edema ósseo no corpo de T11, hemograma normal; ESR 48 mm/h, ANA, Anti DNA, RF e HLA B27 negativos. Resultados: após a exclusão de processos infecciosos e onco-hematológicos e obtido o resultado de uma biópsia por punção óssea, que evidenciou elementos inflamatórios, o diagnóstico de CNO foi feito em fevereiro de 2022, tempo recorde comparando este caso com a literatura internacional. A média de diagnóstico dessa entidade clínica no mundo é de 12 meses.

We provide a pedagogical calculation of the first two spacing distribution for a spin-1/2 XX chain in the presence of an external magnetic field. The results obtained from analytical expressions are compared with those from extensive quantum Monte Carlo simulations. The results obtained for the spacing distributions are used to describe the magnetic behavior of the system and contrasted with the standard analysis based on quantities such as the average energy, magnetization, and susceptibility. Finally, the equivalence between the analytical expressions for the spacing distributions provided by the second quantization formalism and those from the inter-particle distribution method is illustrated. As shown, the spacing distributions can be used as pedagogical examples of the use of the second quantization formalism in introductory courses of quantum statistical mechanics. Additionally, these distributions can be calculated easily from quantum Monte Carlo simulation and, therefore, can be used to illustrate this numerical method.

Inspired by the “water dancing ball” problem proposed in the International Physicists’ Tournament 2019, we study the small-angle oscillations of a cylinder on a plane subject to a thin sheet of water. The interaction between the water flow and the cylinder is modeled using basic physics principles such as Newton’s laws, momentum, and energy conservation. We found that the flux of water around the cylinder applies a force which is responsible for the oscillations of the cylinder. From the motion equation of the cylinder, the period of oscillation is calculated in the harmonic approximation. Our results are contrasted with the period measurements presented recently by Pagaud and Delance, with a good agreement found, showing an error of only 10%.

Abstract Eagle syndrome is a rare disease responsible for multiple head and neck symptoms, resulting from an elongation of the styloid process or ossification of the stylohyoid ligament compressing adjacent neurovascular structures. There are two variants, the classic one characterized mainly by pain and dysphagia and the carotid variant distinguished with pain and sometimes cerebral ischemia. We describe a clinical case report of a 45-year-old female patient, who experienced left cervical pain, performing the complete myofascial pain protocol of the Regional Hospital "General Ignacio Zaragoza" ISSSTE in Mexico City, resulting in a 50mm elongation of the styloid process in the CT scan, confirming the diagnosis, and focusing the article on the anatomical-surgical description.

Resumen El síndrome de Eagle es una enfermedad rara responsable de múltiples síntomas de cabeza y cuello, resultado de un alargamiento del proceso estiloideo u osificación del ligamento estilohioideo comprimiendo estructuras neurovasculares adyacentes, hay dos variantes, el clásico caracterizado principalmente por dolor y disfagia y la variante carotídea distinguido con dolor y en ocasiones isquemia cerebral. Describimos un reporte de caso clínico de un paciente femenino de 45 años, quien experimentaba dolor cervical de lado izquierdo, realizando el protocolo completo de dolor miofascial del Hospital Regional General Ignacio Zaragoza ISSSTE de la Ciudad de México, el estudio de tomografía computada evidenció una elongación de 50mm del proceso estiloideo, confirmando el diagnóstico, enfocando el artículo en la descripción anatómico-quirúrgica.

RESUMEN Las tendencias actuales de practicar la agricultura apuntan hacia el uso de microorganismos para incidir en la sanidad, producción y calidad de las cosechas; estudios previos en agave han logrado el aislamiento de diferentes microorganismos, pero la identificación de bacterias endófitas es un área que se ha abordado poco a pesar de su importancia económica. En el presente estudio se llevó a cabo un análisis de la endomicrobiota presente en cinco tipos de agave pulquero (Agave salmiana): Manso, Chalqueño, Ayoteco, Púa Larga y Carricillo. Pencas de estas plantas fueron colectadas en el poblado de Nanacamilpa de Mariano Arista, Tlaxcala y procesadas para el aislamiento de microorganismos endófitos en medios selectivos para bacterias diazotróficas, bacilos y Pseudomonas fluorescentes. Los microorganismos aislados fueron identificados molecularmente por la amplificación de fragmentos de la subunidad ribosomal 16S. Se identificaron 35 bacterias endófitas a partir de los cinco tipos de agave pulquero. El número de aislamientos obtenidos correspondió a 7, 11, 3, 5 y 9 a partir de Ayoteco, Carricillo, Chalqueño, Manso y Púa Larga, respectivamente. La endomicrobiota bacteriana de Carricillo fue la más diversificada (nueve especies), mientras que Chalqueño presentó la menor riqueza bacteriana (tres especies); Ayoteco, Manso y Púa Larga presentaron cinco especies bacterianas únicas. En forma global, los géneros de bacterias con mayor representación en los cinco tipos de agave fueron Bacillus con 12 entradas, y Enterobacter y Leclercia con siete entradas cada uno. Bacillus subtilis y Leclercia sp. fueron las especies mayormente representadas en los agaves al encontrarse en tres de los cinco tipos analizados.

SUMMARY Current trends in practicing agriculture point towards the use of microorganisms to influence health, production and quality of crops; previous studies in agave have achieved the isolation of different microorganisms, but the identification of endophytic bacteria is an area that has been little addressed despite its economic importance. In the present study, an analysis of the endomicrobiota present in five types of pulquero agave (Agave salmiana): Manso, Chalqueño, Ayoteco, Púa Larga and Carricillo was carried out. Leaves of these plants were collected in Nanacamilpa de Mariano Arista, Tlaxcala, Mexico and processed for the isolation of endophytic microorganisms in selective media for diazotrophic bacteria, bacilli and fluorescent Pseudomonas. The isolated microorganisms were molecularly identified by the amplification of fragments of the 16S ribosomal subunit. Thirty-five endophytic bacteria were identified from the five types of pulquero agave. The number of isolations obtained corresponded to 7, 11, 3, 5 and 9 from Ayoteco, Carricillo, Chalqueño, Manso and Púa Larga, respectively. The bacterial endomicrobiota of Carricillo was the most diversified (nine species), while Chalqueño presented the lowest bacterial richness (three species); Ayoteco, Manso and Púa Larga presented five unique bacterial species. Overall, the genera with the highest representation in the five types of agave were Bacillus with 12 entries, and Enterobacter and Leclercia with seven entries each. Bacillus subtilis and Leclercia sp. were the species most represented in the agaves as they were found in three of the five types analyzed.

ABSTRACT Leprosy is a chronic disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that has a long incubation period and can lead to disabilities. Diagnosis is based on clinical manifestations, so detection of advanced-stage disease is very common. The main risk group are healthy contacts of infected people without treatment, who need constant monitoring for early detection of the disease. There is and effective multi-drug therapy to treat the disease, but nerve damage is irreversible. In the present study, an epidemiological and clinical characterization of Paraguayan patients with multibacillary (MB) and paucibacillary (PB) leprosy and their household contacts (HCMB and HCPB) was carried out before and after treatment of the index case (T0 and T1, respectively). who resorted to the PNCL between 2018 and 2020. For that, blood and serum samples from 24 patients with leprosy and 17 household contacts were analyzed at the time of diagnosis of the index case and at the end of treatment, using standard laboratory tools for routine analysis. Through the use of clinical records, interviews were conducted to obtain epidemiological data. Patients were mostly male and contacts female, mostly from the countryside departments and the Central department, living in overcrowded conditions. There was a higher recruitment of MB and HCMB individuals. We observed no significant changes in the white blood cell levels amongst patients compared to healthy individuals but whereas contacts showed altered levels. The GOT liver enzyme level and BI level decreased after treatment of patients. Paraguayan patients with leprosy reflect demographic, clinical and epidemiological characteristics that are usually described for patients with this pathology. The analysis of biochemical parameters can help monitoring patients and household contacts for adequate surveillance of pathogen transmission.

RESUMEN La Lepra es una enfermedad crónica discapacitante causada por Mycobacterium leprae que presenta un largo periodo de incubación. El diagnóstico está basado en las manifestaciones clínicas por lo que la detección de la enfermedad en estadío avanzado es muy frecuente. El principal grupo de riesgo de enfermedad son los contactos sanos de personas infectadas sin tratamiento, por lo cual es importante el seguimiento de los mismos, para la detección temprana de la enfermedad. Existe una terapia de múltiples fármacos efectiva para tratar la enfermedad, pero las lesiones nerviosas son irreversibles. En el presente estudio, se realizó una caracterización epidemiológica y clínica de pacientes paraguayos con lepra multibacilar (MB), paucibacilar (PB) y sus contactos intradomiciliarios (CMB y CPB) antes y después del tratamiento del caso índice (T0 y T1 respectivamente), que recurrieron al PNCL entre los años 2018 y 2020. Para ello, fueron analizadas muestras de sangre y suero de 24 pacientes con lepra y 17 contactos intradomiciliarios, al momento del diagnóstico del caso índice y al culminar el tratamiento, utilizando herramientas estándar de laboratorio para análisis de rutina. Mediante el uso de fichas clínicas se realizaron entrevistas para la obtención de datos epidemiológicos. Se observó una mayor frecuencia de pacientes de sexo masculino y contactos de sexo femenino, en su mayoría procedentes del interior del país y del departamento Central, viviendo en condiciones hacinadas. Hubo un mayor reclutamiento de individuos MB y CMB. No hubo cambios significativos en los niveles de glóbulos blancos de los pacientes, pero sí en los contactos. Se observó que los niveles de enzima hepática GOT y los niveles de BI disminuyen posterior al tratamiento de pacientes. Los pacientes paraguayos que presentan lepra, reflejan características demográficas, clínicas y epidemiológicas que usualmente son descriptos para los pacientes con esta patología. El análisis de parámetros bioquímicos ayuda en la labor de monitorear a los pacientes y contactos domésticos para la vigilancia adecuada de la transmisión del patógeno.

Background: It is imperative to have effective programs to improve or maintain the health of aged people. Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention based on a multidimensional program in Senior centers in Chile five months after its implementation, in the domains of physical and mental health, functionality and quality of life in aged people. Material and Methods: Sixty participants older than 60 years completed a multidimensional program for one month that included interventions of guided physical exercises, in addition to educational and social activities. They were evaluated at baseline and one and five months after the intervention. Results: After the first and fifth months, significant improvements were observed in the five times sit to stand test (5TSTS) and gait speed (WST), in addition, significant improvements were observed in literacy measured by the Short Assessment of Health Literacy for Spanish-speaking Adults (SAHLSA). At the fifth month, slight improvements were observed in the Yesavage and short Falls efficacy scales, Barthel index, Unipodal Station and EuroQol five-dimensional quality of life tests. Conclusions: A multidimensional program for aged people lasting one month, improved the physical health dimension and literacy by the fifth month of evaluation.

RESUMO O objetivo do estudo foi descrever a oferta de esporte e atividade física, as condições para a prática da população e as características da associatividade esportiva, através da aplicação de uma pesquisa aos habitantes de uma cidade chilena, sendo os resultados uma contribuição de pesquisa no contexto do desenvolvimento de um Plano Municipal de Atividade Física e Esporte. Este é um estudo descritivo, exploratório e transversal, no qual uma pesquisa institucional padronizada foi aplicada pessoalmente. A amostra foi por conveniência, mas representativa dos dois setores pesquisados da cidade, com um total de 209 pessoas participantes, homens e mulheres com 15 anos ou mais. Foram utilizadas estatísticas descritivas para analisar os dados, utilizando a distribuição de frequência. Os resultados mostram que a percepção do nível de atividade física e o número de instalações esportivas aumentaram, mas ainda são insuficientes. Também é identificada uma alta utilização dos serviços esportivos municipais, sendo o futebol a oferta esportiva mais demandada. Os níveis de participação em organizações esportivas aumentaram em relação à média nacional, mas ainda representam uma baixa porcentagem. Além disso, há uma tendência para que o esporte seja praticado principalmente por indivíduos.

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to describe the offer of sports and physical activity, the conditions for the practice of the population; and the characteristics of the sport association capacities, through a survey conducted among the inhabitants of a Chilean city, being the results a research contribution in the context of the elaboration of a Municipal Plan of Physical Activity and Sports. It is a descriptive, exploratory, and cross-sectional work, in which a standardized institutional in-person survey was applied. The sample was for convenience, but representative of the two sectors of the city surveyed, with a total of 209 people participating, men and women who were 15 years old and older. Descriptive statistics using frequency distribution was applied to analyze data. The results indicate that the perception about the level of physical activity practice and the number of sport facilities have increased, but they are still insufficient. A high use of municipal sports services has been also identified, with football being the most demanded sport offer. Regarding levels of participation in sport organizations, these have increased in relation to the national average; however, it still represents a low percentage. In addition, there is a tendency to practice sports preferably on an individual type.

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue describir la oferta deportiva y de actividad física, las condiciones para la práctica de la población y las características de la asociatividad deportiva, mediante la aplicación de una encuesta a los habitantes de una ciudad chilena, siendo los resultados un aporte investigativo en el contexto de la elaboración de un Plan Municipal de Actividad Física y de Deportes. Trabajo de tipo descriptivo, exploratorio y de corte transversal, en el cual se aplicó de forma presencial una encuesta estandarizada de tipo institucional. La muestra fue por conveniencia, pero representativa de los dos sectores encuestados de la ciudad, participando un total de 209 personas, hombres y mujeres que tenían 15 años y más. Para analizar los datos, se empleó la estadística descriptiva, utilizando la distribución de la frecuencia. Los resultados señalan que ha aumentado la percepción sobre el nivel de práctica de actividad física y el número de las instalaciones deportivas, pero aún son insuficientes. También se identifica un alto uso de los servicios deportivos municipales, siendo el fútbol la oferta deportiva más demandada. Acerca de los niveles de participación en organizaciones deportivas, estos han aumentado en relación con el promedio nacional, no obstante, representa un bajo porcentaje. Junto a ello, se observa una tendencia a la práctica deportiva preferentemente de tipo individual.

Resumen Introducción: El tratamiento del valgo severo es complejo. El abordaje externo descrito por Keblish es ventajoso para tratar estas deformidades. Evaluamos nuestros resultados utilizando un abordaje externo en artroplastias de rodilla con genu valgo severo.Materiales y Métodos: De 795 artroplastias primarias realizadas entre enero de 2012 y marzo de 2020, analizamos 40 que tenían un abordaje externo. Todos los pacientes tenían una deformidad en valgo >20° y un ligamento colateral medial suficiente. Se incluyó a 33 mujeres (3 bilaterales) y 4 hombres, el promedio de edad era de 71 años. La causa fue fundamentalmente osteoartrosis (82%). La deformidad prequirúrgica era de 27°. Las mediciones preoperatorias eran: KSS 15 (rango 5-42) y KFS 17 (rango 0-40). El tiempo promedio de cirugía fue de 91 minutos y el seguimiento, de 37 meses. Resultados: El ángulo femorotibial posoperatorio fue de 6,2° (rango 4-40), el KSS posoperatorio fue de 79 (rango 46-95) y el KFS, de 82 (rango 60-100). Hubo tres complicaciones (7%): una infección, un mal posicionamiento de componentes y uno de neuropraxia peronea. Conclusiones: En la artroplastia de rodilla por genu valgo, este abordaje permite restituir el eje femorotibial, lograr una adecuada estabilidad de la prótesis, aun con implantes sin mayor grado de constreñimiento, con una tasa de complicaciones equiparable a la de otras técnicas.

Abstract Introduction: The treatment of severe valgus is complex. The lateral approach described by Keblish is advantageous for the treatment of these deformities. We decided to evaluate our outcomes using a lateral approach in severe genu valgus knee arthroplasty. Materials and Methods: Of 795 primary arthroplasties from January 2012 to March 2020, we analyzed 40 performed by lateral approach. All had a valgus deformity greater than 20° and a sufficient medial collateral ligament. 33 women (3 bilateral) and 4 men were included. Average age was 71 years (59-79). The main cause was osteoarthrosis (82%). The presurgical deformity was 27° (21-39). The preoperative measurements were: Knee Society Score (KSS) 15 (5 to 42). Preoperative functional score (KFS): 17 (0 to 40). Average surgical time: 91 minutes. The average postoperative follow-up was 37 months. Results: Postoperative femorotibial angle 6.2° (range 4° to 10°). Postoperative KSS 79 (46-95). KFS 82 (60-100). Complications: 3 cases (7%), one infection, one case with poor positioning of components, and one case of peroneal neuropraxia. Conclusion: In knee arthroplasty due to genu valgus, this approach allows restoring the femorotibial axis and achieving adequate prosthetic stability, even with implants without a greater degree of constraint, with a complication rate comparable to other techniques.

Abstract: Due to current trends in sustainable development, Guadua bamboo has developed an extensive study and technical applications in the construction area, which includes its distribution and export in regions where it does not exist. In Mexico (considered as the center of origin of more than 200 species of maguey pulquero), mainly in rural communities, the mature Quiote de Maguey Manso is widely used for the same purpose. The present research work has as objective to evaluate the mechanical properties of traction and flexion, based respectively on ASTM E8M-11 and DIN 52-186 standards, for these two classes of peduncles. The comparison of the results obtained in these tests shows that the Quiote presents a maximum bending stress value 2.83 times that of Guadua bamboo, hence, a greater flexural modulus. Therefore, in tensile tests, bamboo has a lower resistance, but a greater deformation capacity compared to Quiote. Until now there are no technical reports on the mechanical properties of any type of maguey, therefore, the results reported in this research are topics of interest in both physics and materials engineering and lay the foundations for the development of technical projects, which later, with the proper marketing management, will contribute to the sustainable development of rural agave-producing communities.

Resumen: Debido a las tendencias actuales de desarrollo sostenible, el bambú Guadua ha desarrollado un amplio estudio y aplicaciones técnicas en el área de la construcción, que incluye su distribución y exportación en regiones donde no existe. En México (considerado como centro de origen de más de 200 especies de maguey pulquero), principalmente en las comunidades rurales, el Quiote de Maguey Manso maduro es ampliamente utilizado para el mismo fin. El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar las propiedades mecánicas de tracción y flexión, basándose respectivamente en las normas ASTM E8M-11 y DIN 52-186, para estas dos clases de pedúnculos. La comparación de los resultados obtenidos en estas pruebas muestra que el Quiote presenta un valor de esfuerzo máximo de flexión 2.83 veces la del bambú Guadua, por consiguiente, un módulo de flexión mayor. Por lo tanto, en las pruebas de tracción, el bambú tiene una menor resistencia, pero una mayor capacidad de deformación respecto al Quiote. Hasta ahora no existen reportes técnicos sobre las propiedades mecánicas de ningún tipo de maguey, por lo tanto, los resultados reportados en esta investigación son temas de interés tanto en la física como en la ingeniería de materiales y sientan las bases para el desarrollo de proyectos técnicos, que posteriormente con una adecuada gestión de comercialización permitirán contribuir al desarrollo sustentable de las comunidades rurales productoras de agave.

Resumen Los bisfosfonatos constituyen uno de los pilares fundamentales en el manejo de la morbilidad ósea de los pacientes con varios tipos de tumores sólidos (1, 3). Sin embargo, a pesar de la experiencia que tenemos por su uso desde hace décadas, existen eventos adversos como las fracturas atípicas (FA) que por su baja frecuencia pueden pasar desapercibidas y no recibir un manejo adecuado. Existen pocos reportes en la literatura de FA en el manejo de pacientes con cáncer. Se presenta un caso en el cual una paciente con un tumor metacrónico de mama con metástasis ósea al debut, actualmente en remisión, presenta una FA de fémur tras recibir bisfosfonatos durante 8 años.

Abstract Bisphosphonates are one of the fundamental pillars in the treatment of bone morbidities in patients with different types of solid tumors.1-3 However, despite the experience that we have accumulated during decades, there are adverse events such as atypical fractures (AF) that due to their low frequency can go unnoticed and might not receive adequate management. There are few reports in the literature about AF in cancer treatments. We present a case of a patient with metachronous breast cancer and bone metastases at initial diagnosis, currently in remission, who presents AF of the femur after receiving bisphosphonates for 8 years.

RESUMEN Salvia guaranitica A. St.-Hil. ex Benth. es descrita como una nueva especie exótica para la flora vascular de Chile. Se incluye una breve descripción, ilustración y una clave de identificación de las especies de Salvia presentes en Chile.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this manuscript is to identify the facts associated with violence against women by their spouse and / or permanent partner. For this, 612 women from the municipality of Guamo, Colombia, who live with their romantic partner, were taken as the population under study. As evidenced in the data provided by the Family Police Station of the Municipality of Guamo, in 2019 156 cases were reported for intra-family violence and 45 cases for violence between couples, a situation that is worrying for the harmonious coexistence of the social group. In this sense, when delving into scientific theories and real facts derived from research, it was found that one of the most relevant causes that generates this social problem is machismo within families, and the lack of a culture based on ethics and human values. Facts such as infidelity, celotypy, economic dependency and intolerance, lead to mistreatment of women, and in turn, that they seek psychological help and campaigns are established to prevent this type of gender violence from continuing.

RESUMEN Este manuscrito tiene como finalidad identificar los hechos asociados a la violencia en contra de la mujer por parte de su cónyuge y/o compañero permanente. Para ello, se tomó como población objeto de estudio a 612 mujeres de la municipalidad del Guamo, Colombia, que conviven con su pareja sentimental. Como se evidencia en los datos suministrados por la Comisaría de Familia del Municipio del Guamo, durante el año 2019 se reportaron 156 casos por violencia intrafamiliar y 45 casos por violencia entre parejas, situación que es preocupante para la convivencia armónica del colectivo social. En este sentido, al profundizar en teorías científicas y hechos reales derivados de la investigación, se halló que una de las causas más relevantes que genera este problema social es el machismo en el seno de las familias, y la falta de una cultura basada en la ética y los valores humanos. Hechos como la infidelidad, celotipia, dependencia económica e intolerancia, propician el maltrato a la mujer, y a su vez, que busquen ayuda psicológica y se establezcan campañas para evitar que este tipo de violencia de género siga perpetuándose.

The study of the motion of a rigid body on a plane (RBP motion) is usually one of the most challenging topics that students face in introductory physics courses. In this paper, we discuss a couple of problems which are typically used in basic physics courses, in order to highlight some aspects related to RBP motion which are not usually well understood by physics students. The first problem is a pendulum composed of a rod and disk. The angular frequency of the pendulum is calculated in two situations: disk fixed to the rod and disk free to spin. A detailed explanation of the change in the angular frequency from one case to another is given. The second problem is a ladder which slides touching a frictionless surface. We use this problem to highlight the fact that the contact forces applied by the surface perform translational and rotational work despite that the total mechanical energy of the ladder is conserved.